Looks like Deb’s prediction is already coming true. Wordplay blogger and brilliant crossword lady Deb Amlen thought it was a totally fair breakdown of puzzle difficulty, though she noted, “I still believe that if you asked 10 solvers about the difficulty of a puzzle, you will get 10 different answers.” TRUTH.ĭavid Steinberg, editor of the Universal Crossword, thought the matrix was pretty accurate as well, though he suggested a few tweaks regarding “Universal (which has no increase in difficulty during the week for 15x15s, though the Sunday 21×21 is a bit more challenging) and maybe the Wall Street Journal (which I would consider a little easier in the early week).” Then again, I’m not the savviest crossword solver around.īut I do know some pretty savvy cruciverbalists, so I reached out to some topnotch and experienced constructors and solvers and asked for their thoughts on the crossword difficulty matrix. I haven’t really seen anything like this made available for enthusiastic solvers before, and I think he did a terrific job. Not only does he cover major outlets like The New York Times, LA Times, Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and Universal, but he also looped in Kings syndicated constructors like Joseph and Sheffer, plus some other outlets casual solvers might not even be aware of! His goal was to create a guide for new solvers that would help them find the right puzzles and difficulty rankings for their puzzly comfort level. He originally launched a version of the crossword difficulty matrix on Reddit, and then expanded and adapted it based on feedback from fellow solvers. We’ve got good news for you on that front.Ī constructor and crossword enthusiast named Lloyd Morgan has assembled what he calls the crossword difficulty matrix, and it’s a thoroughly impressive launchpad for new and inexperienced crossword fans to explore a lot of terrific puzzles and crossword venues. You know other companies and newspapers have crosswords, but you’re just not sure where to start. The New York Times crossword is well-known, for sure, but has an intimidating reputation as the flagship brand. Maybe you’ve solved the syndicated puzzle in your local paper, or you’ve downloaded one of those fabulous apps like Daily POP Crosswords, and you’ve enjoyed, but you’re looking to expand your solving horizons. Getting into crosswords can be daunting for new puzzlers. ThinkFun’s Cold Case: A Story to Die For is available for preorder today on Amazon and the ThinkFun website!Ĭlick here to check out our spoiler-free review! A quick reminder before today’s blog post:
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As a result, light can travel many kilometers with little energy loss.Īn endoscope is a medical device used for diagnostic and surgical procedures. When light contacts the core-cladding boundary at an angle of incidence larger than the critical angle, it is refracted back into the core. Fiber optics are light-travelling glass or plastic threads the size of a hair. To make this simple just imagine if you dive into a swimming pool and attempt to see above the surface of the water, you will be unable to see outside the water at a shallow angle.įiber optics uses total internal reflection, which has many advantages in telecommunications. Now, at an incident angle θ > θ c, Light is completely reflected in material 1 (water) since refracted light can no longer exist. This angle is known as the critical angle, and it may be calculated using the following formula: 90 o ) for a certain incident angle θ = θc. N 1 and n 2 = Refractive indices of the two materials Snell's law determines the angle of refraction at the interface of two materials. The formula and Applications of Total Internal Reflection (ii) The greater angle of incidence is necessary than the critical angle for these two media. (i) The light incident upon the interface of two different media should choose to travel from a denser medium to another rarer medium. Total internal reflection has 2 necessary conditions such as: The minor change in the two conditions may not give the appropriate result. We have two major conditions that help us to decide the phenomenon of total internal reflection. The entire procedure of returning a light ray away from the denser medium is known as Total Internal Reflection.Įxplain Total Internal Reflection of Light That time when the ray is incident on the surface at an angle greater than the critical angle, the ray comes back to the same medium. This is called the Total internal reflection critical angle(i c ). The incident ray angle of the denser medium corresponding with the refracted ray angle of the rarer medium is 90 o. When this happens, the refracted ray will become parallel to the interface. The above statement explains that the increase in the angle of incident results in the increment of the angle of refraction.Ī point still exists where the angle of refraction becomes perpendicular. This is a special condition where the refracted angle is more than the incident angle. from the normal happens under the phenomena called refraction of light. Take the example of two lights that incident at certain points from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium. When does Total Internal Reflection Take Place? This gives the simple definition of total internal reflection. This happens due to a change of one medium to another medium. Light or rays that come towards or drive away from the normal have interfered. This is also called as the bending of light. When light travels between two surfaces made of transparent materials, then it gets refracted. The entire process is known as Total internal reflection. After that, the light rays are reflected in another denser medium. The ray is incident at an angle of incidence that is greater than the critical angle. Total internal reflection happens at a time when a light ray that travels from a denser to a rarer medium. The refraction angle is now 90 degrees and the incident light can reflect on the medium if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.Īs a result, this phenomenon demonstrates to be a total internal reflection. The incident ray of light is refracted in such a way that it passes down the water's surface at a given angle of incidence known as the critical angle. The refracted light ray bends away from the normal as it passes from a medium with a higher refractive index to one with a lower refractive index. Light Rays will be refracted at the interface that separates the two media. When an incident light ray hits the interface, it is reflected and/or refracted.Ī ray of light travels from a medium of water to a medium of air, and vice versa. The effect happens when the incidence angle exceeds a predetermined limiting angle, referred to as the critical angle. The optical phenomenon of total internal reflection occurs when light is entirely reflected at the interface between two media. □ Tip: Check out our FREE list of the BEST Dropshipping Products for 2023. To find a product to dropship there are various websites, tools, and automation software available that can help you find new product ideas and give you an understanding of what customers want and need on the market. 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Routing Incoming Calls to Queues - Asterisk Documentation Routing Incoming Calls to Queues Then in extensions.ael, you can do these things: The Main Menu At Digium, incoming callers are sent to the 'mainmenu' context, where they are greeted, and directed to the numbers they choose. To put it on hold, play the musicĪfter playing the music, we call PAMI in file 1 to connect to the AMI and launch an action. When call 1 arrives, it goes into agi-callin.php. Purpose: to have information from the 2 channels to perform a bridge action. You need the knowledge of AMI and AGI to do this. Then came the NAACP and National Urban League which were founded “in line with these movements. Thus, in the same period of the founding of the Boulé was the founding of what is called the 4 “black male” (Alpha Phi Alpha, Kappa Alpha Psi, Omega Psi Phi, and Phi Beta Sigma) and the 4 “black female” (Alpha Kappa Alpha, Delta Sigma Theta, Zeta Phi Beta, and Sigma Gamma Rho) college-based fraternities and sororities, according to the book Noble Drew Ali & The Moorish Science Temple of America: The Movement That Started It All. Phi Beta Sigma Gamma Rho 95 of the founders of the Great 8 are Prince Hall Masons. Taking away the articulate negro, now desiring to replace them with organized institutions to keep them away from self-improvement.” Phi Nu Pi is a secret motto of Kappa Alpha Psi, an African American. Members of Boulé are supposedly the “ talented 10th” DuBois is noted for speaking of, hence, the organization sought to keep such select group of black professionals to itself.ĭuBois stresse d, according to Cokely: “The importance to steal the black professional away from Garvey because an Afrocentric organization that articulated and captured the black professional would give whitey no safe haven in the black community, so the Boule’ - the remaking of the house negro was necessary to build a group of negroes who had an investment in protecting the white system as produced by whitey having stolen this land…This is post reconstruction. The fraternity is believed to have been fashioned after a secret society founded at Yale University called Skull & Bones. It is even documented that DuBois, the founding member of the New York City chapter of the Boulé once said, “The Boule was created to keep the black professional away from Marcus Garvey”.īoulé, pronounced “ boo lay”, in Ancient Greece “was a council of chiefs”. Conspiracy theorist and futurologist Steve Cokely, seen as the first to shine the light on the Boulé in the early to mid-90s, is reported to have described the fraternity as “powerful gatekeepers and foot soldiers for white supremacy.” Still, critics have viewed the organization as somewhat closed and have doubted their significant role. Photo: Emory News Center – Emory University Though it claims to be no longer “secret”, the fraternity still exists with “little fanfare” and one “that actively seeks to improve the lives of the citizens in the communities in which the members are associated through its social action and public policy programs and initiatives.” Members of the Kappa Boulé, the Atlanta chapter of Sigma Pi Phi, which was established in 1920. The prestigious professional fraternity was in its early years viewed as a secret organization until 1982 when it adopted a policy of limited and selected publicity, according to its website. This ledger is updated every 2 to 5 seconds among all nodes. Stellar runs a network of decentralized servers with a distributed ledger. Stellar, on the other hand, was created with the idea of allowing its users to transfer their assets and money globally, and the main focus is to provide service to the unbanked, usually from developing countries. Ripple only works with established banking and financial institutions to upgrade and modernize their cross-border transfer technologies. Ripple, on the other hand, cannot be mined or joined unless you are a financial institution or a member of a payment network system. Since Stellar works on a blockchain consensus protocol and has open membership, anyone can join this network since there are no specific requirements nor special permissions. While Stellar is an open blockchain platform, Ripple is closed and centralized. There are, however, some significant differences between them. So it appears that Stellar and Ripple have a lot in common, which is understandable given that both projects are led by the same person. Moreover, both Ripple and Stellar were so similar to the point that they used the same protocol during their early days, until Stellar got its own Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP) and its own cryptocurrency called Lumen (XLM). Just like Ripple, which was founded a few years earlier, Stellar was created to be a payment technology that could connect various financial institutions and reduce both the time and cost needed for cross-border transfers. It was founded in 2014 by Jed McCaleb, who is known today to the crypto world as a co-founder of Ripple and founder of crypto exchange Mt.Gox. So what else should you know about Stellar? Moreover, Stellar already has quite a few digital tokens that are pegged to different currencies, like Peru’s Sol, Chilean’s Peso, digital Euro, and some of the projects are still in the making. So basically, it is carved to create fiat-pegged stable coins.įor instance, a widely known stablecoin USDC has one of the versions that is built on the Stellar network. What does that mean? That means that everyone who holds a digital version of a traditional currency can treat it like traditional money since it can be exchanged for the same amount in the end. All that leads to the fact that you estimate a 1:1 relationship between a traditional fiat currency and its digital counterpart. And when this digital token of the US dollar is given back to you, you redeem it in turn for one of the traditional dollars that you have in your deposit. You can also use Stellar’s network to buy digital versions of fiat currencies, which is a useful alternative for people in countries where the national currency is weak and they want to save in a different currency.įor instance, if you issue a digital version of a fiat currency, say USD, and someone brings you a traditional dollar, you’ll give them your digital token. Stellar apps and third-party services that operate as network anchors make it simple for users to send money to others, regardless of where they live. To put it simply, Stellar works with any type of money: it can be used to transfer a digital representation of the USD, Euro, British pound, Bitcoin, Ethereum, or any other currency out there. Stellar is an open-source payment technology that, according to the development team, makes it possible to “create, send and trade digital representations of all forms of money”, and all the world’s financial systems “can work together on a single network”. |
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